HappyChest

organic bed linen

2006-10-29T00:55:00.000-07:00

Livs range of soft luxurious bed linenis sourced ethically from India and using a fair trade policy. Liv also provide duvet cover set and bath towel set.

Argyll And Bute

2005-04-04T11:10:00.000-07:00

Council area, western Scotland, extending from the southwestern Grampian Mountains into the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and North Channel in ragged peninsulas indented and separated by deepwater lochs (sea inlets). Freshwater lochs (lakes) dot the inland areas. It includes many islands of the Inner Hebrides—notably Mull, Islay, and Jura. The council area incorporates

Holi

2005-04-04T08:45:00.000-07:00

Also called Court of Justice of the European Communities the judicial branch of the European Union (EU). Its headquarters are in Luxembourg. The ECJ originated in the individual courts of justice established in the 1950s for the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community. The function of these courts was to ensure the observance of law in those organizations'

Gottlieb, Adolph

2005-04-03T11:36:00.000-07:00

Early in the 1940s Gottlieb developed

'umar Ii

2005-04-01T20:13:00.000-08:00

His father, 'Abd al-'Aziz, was a governor of Egypt, and through his mother he was a descendant of 'Umar I (second caliph, 634–644). He received

Bertillon, Alphonse

2005-04-01T13:25:00.000-08:00

The younger brother of the statistician and demographer Jacques Bertillon, Alphonse Bertillon in 1882 introduced his system

Yogacara

2005-03-31T22:16:00.000-08:00

Also called Vijñanavada (“Doctrine of Consciousness”), an important idealistic school of Mahayana Buddhism. Yogacara attacked both the complete realism of Theravada Buddhism and the provisional practical realism of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism. The name of the school is derived from the title of an important 4th- or 5th-century text of the school, the Yogacarabhumi-sastra (“The Science of the

Argentina, Alfonsín's administration

2005-03-31T10:20:00.000-08:00

Soon after his inauguration in December 1983, Alfonsín reversed legislation passed under Bignone by announcing plans to prosecute several members of the defunct military government, including former presidents Videla, Viola, and Galtieri. He also repealed a law granting amnesty to those accused of crimes and human rights violations during the Dirty War, and hundreds

Tarawa

2005-03-30T01:33:00.000-08:00

Coral atoll of the Gilbert Islands and capital of Kiribati. It lies in the west-central Pacific Ocean, 2,800 miles (4,500 km) northeast of Australia and is the most populous atoll in the Gilberts. Tarawa consists of 15 islets, with a total land area of 12 square miles (31 square km) on a reef 22 miles (35 km) long. The atoll is a commercial and educational centre with port facilities on the islets of Betio,

Pit Bull Terrier

2005-03-29T22:18:00.000-08:00

Fighting dog developed in 19th-century England out of the bulldog and a terrier. See Staffordshire terrier.

Cincinnati Zoo And Botanical Garden

2005-03-29T13:30:00.000-08:00

Zoological park owned by the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S., and administered in conjunction with the Zoological Society of Cincinnati. It maintains one of the largest animal collections in the United States, with more than 17,000 specimens representing in excess of 750 species. Often called the “gorilla capital of the world,” the zoo held the record for the most births of lowland

Xenarthran

2005-03-28T05:13:00.000-08:00

Alfred L. Gardner, “Order Xenarthra,” in Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (1993), pp. 63–68, provides lists of the families, genera, and species of the Xenarthra; the author is a wildlife biologist and curator of mammals at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History. Gerald G. Montgomery (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas (1985), compiles 43 well-illustrated scholarly reports on all aspects of xenarthran biology, including pathology and parasitology.

Wyong

2005-03-27T07:12:00.000-08:00

Town, eastern New South Wales, Australia, on the Wyong River, immediately west of the Tuggerah Lakes (coastal lagoons). The district was settled in 1823 for the purpose of exploiting its cedar trees. As the forests were removed, agricultural activities increased, with citrus groves being planted after 1887. The town, proclaimed in 1888, derived its name from an Aboriginal word meaning

Karabagh Rug

2005-03-26T17:59:00.000-08:00

Karabagh also spelled Karabakh, floor covering handmade in the district of Karabakh (Azerbaijan), just north of the present Iranian border. As might be expected, Karabagh designs and colour schemes tend to be more like those of Persian rugs than do those made in other parts of the Caucasus, and it is difficult to distinguish Karabagh runners from those of Karzdagh, in Iran, to the south. Certain Karabagh

Vytautas The Great

2005-03-26T08:48:00.000-08:00

Vytautas was the son of Kestutis, who for years had waged a struggle with his brother Algirdas

Glassware, Venice and the façon de Venise

2005-03-25T13:58:00.000-08:00

A glass industry was already established near Venice in the 7th century, and vessel glass was made there by the last quarter of the 10th century. In 1291 the glass furnaces were removed to the neighbouring island of Murano to remove the risk of fire from the city. Although Venice had constant contact with the East, there is no evidence that it was indebted to that source for its

Poland, History Of, The Saxons

2005-03-24T18:10:00.000-08:00

The “Saxon Era” lasted for more than 60 years and marked the lowest point in Polish history. Research since the 1980s has somewhat corrected the largely negative picture of Augustus II and Augustus III by stressing the context in which they operated: anarchic political life dominated by factions of struggling oligarchs and open to meddling by the neighbouring powers.

Kabbala

2005-03-24T14:47:00.000-08:00

By the mid-16th century the unchallenged centre of Kabbala was Safed, Galilee, where one of the greatest of all Kabbalists, Isaac ben Solomon Luria, spent the last years of his life. According to Gershom Gerhard Scholem, a modern Jewish scholar of Kabbala, Luria's influence was surpassed only by that of the Sefer ha-zohar. Lurianic Kabbala developed several basic doctrines:

Paderborn

2005-03-23T21:29:00.000-08:00

City, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), central Germany, on the Pader River, a small affluent of the Lippe, formed from rain seepage on the slope of the Eggegebirge and emerging from below the cathedral in about 200 springs. Paderborn was the birthplace of the Holy Roman Empire when Charlemagne met Pope Leo III there in 799 to discuss the founding of a German nation. Excavation

Grader

2005-03-23T14:03:00.000-08:00

In excavation, precision finishing vehicle for final shaping of surfaces on which pavement will be placed. Between its front and rear wheels a grader carries a broad mechanically or hydraulically controlled blade that can be extended from either side. Either end of the blade can be raised or lowered. Graders may be used for shallow ditching, but most models are used

Qiu Ying

2005-03-21T15:12:00.000-08:00

Wade-Giles romanization Ch'iu Ying Chinese painter noted for his gongbi brush technique, used to produce highly detailed figure and architectural paintings and flower studies. Qiu did not pursue the other characteristic arts and activities of the man of letters that Chinese critics believed were marks of a great painter,

India, Associated ranges and hills

2005-03-21T09:39:00.000-08:00

In general, the various regional ranges and hills run parallel to the Himalayas' main axis. These are especially prominent in the northwest, where the Zaskar Mountains and the Ladakh and Karakoram ranges, all in Jammu and Kashmir, run to the northeast of the Great Himalayas. Also in Jammu and Kashmir is the Pir Panjal Range, which, extending along the southwest of the Great

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

2005-03-19T14:07:00.000-08:00

Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento, a republican who, through his conquest of Sicily and Naples with his guerrilla Redshirts, contributed to the achievement of Italian unification under the royal House of Savoy.

Claudius Pulcher, Publius

2005-03-19T03:57:00.000-08:00

Son of Appius Claudius Caecus and commander of the fleet that suffered the only serious Roman naval defeat of the First Punic War (264–241 BC). The setback occurred in 249, when Claudius was consul. He attacked the Carthaginian fleet in the harbour of Drepanum (modern Trapani, Sicily) and lost 93 of his 123 vessels. It was popularly believed that Claudius failed because he had committed

Calendar, The French republican calendar

2005-03-19T01:52:00.000-08:00

In late 18th-century France, with the approach of the French Revolution, demands began to be made for a radical change in the civil calendar that would divorce it completely from any ecclesiastical connections. The first attacks on the Gregorian calendar and proposals for reform came in 1785 and 1788, the changes being primarily designed to divest the calendar of all its Christian

David, Jacques-louis

2005-03-17T03:41:00.000-08:00

David won wide acclaim with his huge canvases on classical themes (e.g., “Oath of the Horatii,” 1784 [see photograph]). When the French Revolution began in 1789, he served briefly as its artistic director

Academy, Gallery Of The

2005-03-16T02:56:00.000-08:00

Italian Galleria Dell'accademia, museum of art in Florence chiefly famous for its several sculptures by Michelangelo, notably his “David.” It also has a collection of 15th- and 16th-century paintings and many 13th–16th-century Tuscan paintings. It was founded in 1784 by the grand duke Pietro Leopoldo and was subsequently enlarged.

ibenik

2005-03-15T02:53:00.000-08:00

Italian Sebenico, port in Croatia. It lies along the estuary of the Krka River formed as the latter flows into the Adriatic Sea. Linked by a rail line to Zagreb, Šibenik is a coastal shipping station, with major exports of bauxite, timber, building stone, wines, and liqueurs. There is a shipyard, a ferrous-alloy plant, and an aluminum plant (at Lozovac). Electricity from Krka Falls powers an electrochemical

Elizabethton

2005-03-14T10:09:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1796) of Carter county, northeastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Doe and Watauga rivers, in the southern Appalachian Mountains, about 105 miles (170 km) northeast of Knoxville and just east of Johnson City. Situated in the valley of the Watauga, it is one of the region's oldest settlements, where a compact for self-government (the Watauga Association) was

Legaspi

2005-03-14T06:39:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Legazpi, chartered city, capital of Albay province, southeastern Luzon, Philippines, near an inlet on Albay Gulf. Founded c. 1639, it was named for Miguel López de Legazpi, conquistador and first Spanish governor general of the Philippines. The city lies at the southern base of the active volcanic Mt. Mayon, the 1815 eruption of which killed more than 1,000 people and levelled nearby Cagsawa.

Henderson, Thomas

2005-03-13T20:10:00.000-08:00

Henderson was elected

Gabor, Dennis

2005-03-12T16:16:00.000-08:00

A research engineer for the firm of Siemens and Halske in Berlin from 1927, Gabor fled Nazi Germany in 1933 and worked with the Thomson-Houston Company

Lens

2005-03-12T05:28:00.000-08:00

In optics, piece of glass or other transparent substance that is used to form an image of an object by focusing rays of light from the object. A lens is a piece of transparent material, usually circular in shape, with two polished surfaces, either or both of which is curved and may be either convex (bulging) or concave (depressed). The curves are almost always spherical, i.e.,

Cambrai, Treaty Of

2005-03-11T05:30:00.000-08:00

Also called Paix Des Dames (French: “Peace of the Ladies”; Aug. 3, 1529), agreement ending one phase of the wars between Francis I of France and the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Charles V; it temporarily confirmed Spanish (Habsburg) hegemony in Italy. After a series of successes, Charles had defeated the French forces at Pavia in Italy in 1525 and forced Francis to sign the punitive Treaty of Madrid. Fearful of Charles's

Melanoma

2005-03-10T23:29:00.000-08:00

A spreading and frequently recurring cancer of specialized skin cells (melanocytes) that produce the protective skin-darkening pigment melanin. In the United States melanoma represents less than 5 percent of all cases of skin cancer, yet it is responsible for nearly three-quarters of all skin cancer deaths and is increasing in frequency. Unlike other skin growths,

Aguirre, Lope De

2005-03-10T17:05:00.000-08:00

Nothing is known of Aguirre's life prior to 1544, when he arrived in Peru and took part in the Spanish suppression of Indian rebellions and in the wars that continually broke out between

China, Climate and environment

2005-03-09T13:23:00.000-08:00

Although the precise nature of the paleoenvironment is still in dispute, temperatures in Neolithic China were probably some 4° to 7° F (2° to 4° C) warmer than they are today. Rainfall, although more abundant, may have been declining in quantity. The Tsinling Mountains in northwest China separated the two phytogeographical zones of North and South China, while the absence of

Rove Beetle

2005-03-08T18:56:00.000-08:00

Rove beetles are usually found around decaying animal and vegetable matter, preying on carrion-feeding insects. Most of them are slender and small (usually less than 3 mm, or 1/8 inch); the largest species, such as the devil's coachhorse (Staphylinus olens), are usually no

Ancud

2005-03-08T05:32:00.000-08:00

Town and commune in Los Lagos región, Chiloé provincia, southern Chile. It lies on the northern coast of Chiloé Island, across the Straits of Chacao from the mainland. Founded in 1769 as San Carlos de Ancud, it was one of the last strongholds of royalist forces during Chile's struggle for independence from Spain in the first quarter of the 19th century. It was the provincial capital

Dewas

2005-03-07T23:08:00.000-08:00

City, western Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is located on the Malwa Plateau at the foot of the conical Chamunda Hill, which rises to a Devivasini shrine. Jaina and Hindu temple ruins lie just south of the city, in Nagara. The surrounding area consists chiefly of level plains of the Malwa Plateau, watered by the Narmada, Sipra, and Kali Sindh rivers. Wheat, sorghum, rice, cotton,

Nurhachi

2005-03-07T16:45:00.000-08:00

The Juchen (Jurchen) were a Tungus people who belonged to those border groups at the periphery of the Chinese empire that normally were under the influence of

Madagascar, Plant and animal life

2005-03-05T22:05:00.000-08:00

Much of the island was once covered with evergreen and deciduous forest, but little now remains except on the eastern escarpment and in scattered pockets in the west. The plateau is particularly denuded and suffers seriously from erosion. The forest has been cut in order to clear rice fields, to obtain fuel and building materials, and to export valuable timber, such

Wagner, Carl

2005-03-05T09:46:00.000-08:00

Wagner was educated at the universities of Munich and Leipzig

Multinational And Regional Organizations

2005-03-04T09:29:00.000-08:00

On May 31, 1997, the foreign ministers of the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) met in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and announced that they would embrace Myanmar (Burma), Laos, and Cambodia as full members at the group's 30th anniversary meeting in July. The announcement was controversial because, in the words of Nobel Peace Prize winner Daw Aung San Suu

Argentina, Resources

2005-03-03T23:19:00.000-08:00

Argentine industry is well served by the country's abundance of energy resources. By the late 20th century the country was self-sufficient in fossil fuels and hydroelectric generation, and it had become a petroleum exporter. Oil deposits are scattered throughout the country. The basin around the Patagonian port of Comodoro Rivadavia is estimated to hold some two-thirds

Términos Lagoon

2005-03-03T03:11:00.000-08:00

Spanish Laguna De Términos, lagoon in southwestern Campeche state, at the base of the Yucatán Peninsula, eastern Mexico. An inlet of the Bay of Campeche on the Gulf of Mexico, it measures 45 mi (72 km) east–west and 12 to 15 mi north–south. Long, narrow Carmen Island stretches across its entrance. The lagoon is fed by the Palizada and Candelaria rivers. Shrimp, fish, and turtles are taken from Términos, and crocodiles

Black Lung

2005-03-02T05:22:00.000-08:00

Also called Black-lung Disease, or Coal-workers' Pneumoconiosis, respiratory disorder, a type of pneumoconiosis caused by repeated inhalation of coal dust over a period of years. The disease gets its name from a distinctive blue-black marbling of the lung caused by accumulation of the dust. Georgius Agricola, a German mineralogist, first described lung disease in coal miners in the 16th century, and it is now widely recognized. It

Crabgrass

2005-03-01T19:02:00.000-08:00

Also called finger grass any of about 300 species of grasses in the genus Digitaria (family Poaceae), especially D. sanguinalis or the slightly shorter D. ischaemum (smooth crabgrass). D. sanguinalis has long hairs covering its leaves and has five or six spikelets, while D. ischaemum has no hair and only two or three spikelets. Both species are natives of Europe that became widely

Carnivore, Importance to humans

2005-02-28T22:52:00.000-08:00

The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is undoubtedly the canid of the greatest importance economically. Numerous humans are actually employed in raising, selling, doctoring, grooming, training, or providing and manufacturing food for “man's best friend.” Dogs probably were the first wild animals to be domesticated; they have been found associated with Neolithic sites

Lamoricière, Christophe-louis-leon Juchault De

2005-02-28T20:43:00.000-08:00

After entering the engineers in 1829, Lamoricière was sent to Algiers (1830) as a captain in the Zouaves. In 1833 he played a prominent role in the creation of the Arab Bureau, which was to coordinate information on French Arab colonies. Military success at Constantine led to

Locomotive

2005-02-27T19:50:00.000-08:00

Although motive power can be incorporated into a car that also has passenger, baggage, or freight accomodations, it most often is provided by a separate unit, the locomotive, which includes the machinery to generate (or, in the case of an electric locomotive, to convert) power and transmit

Obelisk

2005-02-27T18:49:00.000-08:00

Tapered monolithic pillar, originally erected in pairs at the entrances of ancient Egyptian temples. The Egyptian obelisk was carved from a single piece of stone, usually red granite from the quarries at Aswan. It was designed to be wider at its square or rectangular base than at its pyramidal top, which was often covered with an alloy of gold and silver called electrum.

Memphis

2005-02-26T13:05:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Manf, Minf, or Manfish,

Eisenhower Doctrine

2005-02-24T21:32:00.000-08:00

(Jan. 5, 1957), in the Cold War period after World War II, U.S. foreign-policy pronouncement by President Dwight D. Eisenhower promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression. The doctrine was intended to check increased Soviet influence in the Middle East, which had resulted from the supply of arms to Egypt by

Pitch

2005-02-24T20:59:00.000-08:00

In Western music, standard pitches have long been used to facilitate tuning. Usually

Race, Immigration and the racial worldview

2005-02-24T15:25:00.000-08:00

In the 1860s, when Chinese labourers immigrated to the United States to build the Central Pacific Railroad, a new population with both physical and cultural differences had to be accommodated within the racial worldview. While industrial employers were eager to get this new and cheap labour, the ordinary white public was stirred to anger by the presence of this “yellow

Hooper, Franklin Henry

2005-02-23T10:15:00.000-08:00

In 1899 Hooper joined the staff of the Britannica, in which his brother Horace, James Clarke, and others had acquired an interest. Franklin Hooper was connected with five editions of the Britannica in the ensuing

Earth Sciences, Prospecting for groundwater

2005-02-22T02:23:00.000-08:00

Although the origin of the water in the Earth that seeps or springs from the ground was long the subject of much fanciful speculation, the arts of finding and managing groundwater were already highly developed in the 8th century BC. The construction of long, hand-dug underground aqueducts (qanats) in Armenia and Persia represents one of the great hydrologic achievements

Campeche

2005-02-22T00:41:00.000-08:00

Estado (“state”), southeastern Mexico, on the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bounded north and east by the state of Yucatán, from which it seceded in 1857; northwest by the Gulf of Mexico; east by the state of Quintana Roo; south by Guatemala; and southwest by the state of Tabasco. Named after the ancient Mayan province of Kimpech (Campech), it comprises much of the western part of the peninsula.

Trade Fair

2005-02-21T21:40:00.000-08:00

Temporary market organized to promote trade, where buyers and sellers gather to transact business. Trade fairs are organized at regular intervals, generally at the same location and period of the year, and usually last for several weeks. Such fairs assumed an increasingly important role in international trade during the 20th century. This was particularly evident

Abbott, Lyman

2005-02-21T06:58:00.000-08:00

Abbott left law practice to study theology and was ordained in 1860. After serving in two pastorates he became associate editor of Harper's Magazine and in 1870 editor of the Illustrated Christian Weekly. In 1876 he joined Henry Ward Beecher's Christian

Mcmurdo Sound

2005-02-21T05:55:00.000-08:00

Bay off Antarctica that forms the western extension of Ross Sea, lying at the edge of Ross Ice Shelf, west of Ross Island and east of Victoria Land. The channel, 92 miles (148 km) long and up to 46 miles (74 km) wide, has been a major centre for Antarctic explorations. First discovered in 1841 by the Scottish explorer Sir James Clark Ross, it thereafter served as one of the main access routes to

Solomon Islands

2005-02-19T19:54:00.000-08:00

In midyear and at the invitation

Chastushka

2005-02-18T18:08:00.000-08:00

A rhymed folk verse usually composed of four lines. The chastushka is traditional in form but often has political or topical content. The word is a derivative of the Russian chastyi, “frequent” or “in quick succession,” and probably originally referred to the refrain of a song.

Castelnau, Michel De, Sieur (lord) De La Mauvissière

2005-02-18T16:44:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Castelnau served under local commanders in Piedmont and in Picardy. After the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), he entered the king's service and was sent on diplomatic missions in 1560 to England, Germany, Savoy, and Rome. After

Nordic Skiing

2005-02-17T15:51:00.000-08:00

Also called classic skiing techniques and events that evolved in the hilly terrain of Norway and the other Scandinavian countries. The modern Nordic events are the cross-country races (including a relay race) and ski-jumping events. The Nordic combined is a separate test consisting of a 15-km cross-country race and special ski-jumping contest, with the winner determined on the basis of points

Madurai

2005-02-17T11:05:00.000-08:00

Formerly (until 1949) Madura, city, south-central Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India, bounded on the west by Kerala state. It is the second largest, and probably oldest, city in the state. Located on the Vaigai River and enclosed by the Anai, Naga, and Pasu (Elephant, Snake, and Cow) hills, the compact old city, site of the Pandya (4th–11th century AD) capital, centres on Minaksi-Sundaresvara Temple. The temple, Tirumala Nayak

Melville Island

2005-02-16T18:45:00.000-08:00

Island in the Timor Sea, 16 miles (26 km) off the coast of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. It is separated from the Australian mainland by Clarence Strait. Measuring about 80 by 55 miles (130 by 88 km), it has an area of 2,240 square miles (5,800 square km) and rises from sandy beaches and shoreline mangrove swamps to low wooded hills. It is divided from Bathurst Island (west) by the narrow Apsley

Henry Draper Catalogue

2005-02-15T06:39:00.000-08:00

Listing of the positions, magnitudes, and spectral types of stars in all parts of the sky; with it began the present alphabetical system (see Harvard classification system) of classifying stars by spectral type. The catalog, named in honour of the U.S. astronomer Henry Draper and financed through an endowment by his widow, was compiled at the Harvard College Observatory

Moray, James Stewart, 1st Earl Of, Earl Of Mar, Lord Abernethy

2005-02-14T13:17:00.000-08:00

The illegitimate son of King James V and Lady Margaret Douglas, Stewart led the Protestant lords in their conflict with Mary Stuart's mother, Mary of Lorraine, the queen regent. When Mary Stuart assumed control of the government

Floor Covering, Loom-formed pile

2005-02-14T04:29:00.000-08:00

Spool looms were invented in the United States in 1876, and the gripper Axminster loom was developed about 1890. The chenille two-stage process was invented in Glasgow

Stephen

2005-02-13T03:41:00.000-08:00

Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the Conqueror. He was reared by his uncle, King Henry I, and received vast lands in England, Normandy, and the county of Boulogne.

Shigatse

2005-02-13T01:40:00.000-08:00

Chinese (Wade-Giles) Jih-k'a-tse , Pinyin Xigazê city in the south-central part of the Tibet autonomous ch'ü (region), China. Situated on a well-defended height (elevation 12,800 feet [3,900 m]) overlooking the confluence of two rivers in one of the most fertile valley areas of Tibet, it is the traditional capital of the area known as Hou-tsang on the Nepal border. It was formerly a small town near one of the largest monasteries in Tibet,

Switzerland

2005-02-12T20:16:00.000-08:00

Officially Swiss Confederation , French Suisse or Confédération Suisse , German Schweiz or Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft , Italian Svizzera or Confederazione Svizzera or Confederazione Elvetica , Romansch Svizzra or Confederaziun Helvetica country of central Europe, bordered to the west by France, to the north by Germany, to the east by Austria and Liechtenstein, and to the south by Italy. Switzerland extends about 135 miles (220 km) from north to south and 220 miles (350 km) at its widest extent from west to east. Its small area of 15,940 square miles (41,284 square km)—about half the size of Scotland—and its modest population give little indication

Sankuru River

2005-02-11T09:10:00.000-08:00

Main tributary of the Kasai River (itself a tributary of the Congo River) in Congo (Kinshasa), central Africa. About 750 miles (1,200 km) long, it begins in the western highlands of Katanga (Shaba), where it is known as the Lubilash River, and flows 285 miles (460 km) north and northwest, where it becomes the Sankuru proper and where it flows northward and then almost directly westward to the Kasai.

Mardin

2005-02-10T16:52:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Mardin il (province), southeastern Turkey. It lies on the southern slopes of a broad highland that rises to an altitude of 3,450 ft (1,052 m) and overlooks extensive limestone plateaus. The locality receives more rainfall than the lower plains and has hot summers and cold winters. A ruined Roman citadel, rebuilt in medieval times, crowns the summit of the highland

Frunze, Mikhail Vasilyevich

2005-02-10T13:25:00.000-08:00

Frunze took part in the Moscow insurrection in 1905 and, after frequent arrests for revolutionary activity, escaped in 1915 to conduct agitation in the Russian army, first on the western front

Mardin

2005-02-09T22:27:00.000-08:00

Also called cachectin a naturally occurring protein that is produced in the human body by the phagocytic cells known as macrophages. (The latter can engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.) TNF is produced by macrophages when they encounter the poisonous substance in bacteria that is known as endotoxin. TNF seems to perform both helpful and harmful functions

Devils Lake

2005-02-09T06:41:00.000-08:00

City, seat of Ramsey county, northeast-central North Dakota, U.S. The community was established with the opening of a land office in 1882 as Creelsburg (later Creel City) and was the head of steamboat navigation on Devils Lake, a saline body of water originally about 30 miles [50 km] long. By 1909, when the lake had receded 4 miles (6 km) from the city, navigation ceased. The city developed as a trade

Celestine Ii

2005-02-08T22:27:00.000-08:00

A scholar of noble birth, he studied under Peter Abélard, with whom he remained on friendly terms even after Abélard's condemnation at the Council of Sens (1140). He was made cardinal deacon in 1127 by Pope Honorius II and cardinal priest (c. 1134) by Pope Innocent II, whom he was elected to succeed on Sept. 26, 1143. As pope (consecrated

Exuma Cays

2005-02-06T13:09:00.000-08:00

Group of some 365 cays and islands, part of the Bahama Islands, situated in the Atlantic Ocean. The Exuma Cays begin some 35 miles (56 km) east-southeast of Nassau, stretch southeast in a gently curving arc for about 90 miles (145 km), and have an area of 112 square miles (290 square km). Most of the inhabitants live on the islands of Great Exuma and Little Exuma. The Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park, which includes

Plurality System

2005-02-06T04:44:00.000-08:00

Advantages of the plurality system are

Aerospace Industry, Helicopters

2005-02-06T00:17:00.000-08:00

Helicopters occupy important niches in both military and civil aviation. Military models are of two kinds—combat and transport. Combat helicopters are designed by manufacturers specifically for that military purpose, whereas helicopters for transportation frequently exist in both civil and military variants. Short-distance personnel transportation,

Kamen-na-obi

2005-02-05T04:51:00.000-08:00

City and administrative centre of Kamensky rayon (sector), Altay kray (region), south-central Russia. A port on the Ob River, it was founded in 1670 and designated an urban settlement in 1915 and became a city in 1925. Its economic base is the food-processing industry; other factories produce bricks and furniture. Teacher-training and veterinary colleges are located in the city. Pop. (1993 est.)

Mcqueen, Steve

2005-02-04T15:10:00.000-08:00

McQueen drifted through odd jobs and three years of service in the marines before he began performing at New York's Neighborhood Playhouse in 1952. He did occasional theatre work, making his screen

Pig

2005-02-04T14:50:00.000-08:00

Wild or domestic swine, a mammal of the Suidae family. In Britain, the term pig refers to all domestic swine; in the United States, to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing usually less than 82 kg (180 pounds), others being called hogs. Pigs are stout-bodied, short-legged, omnivorous mammals, with thick skins usually sparsely coated with short bristles. Their hooves

Tabriz School

2005-02-03T18:13:00.000-08:00

The early works of the Tabriz school were

Cat

2005-02-03T08:55:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation of Computerized Axial Tomography, a radiologic diagnostic technique used in medicine. See tomography.

Pyroxenite

2005-02-03T05:39:00.000-08:00

Dark-coloured, intrusive igneous rock that consists chiefly of pyroxene. Pyroxenites are not abundant; they occur in discrete inclusions, in layered sills (tabular bodies inserted between other rocks) and lopoliths (laccoliths with basin-shaped bases), in branching veins, in narrow dikes (tabular bodies injected in fissures), and at the edges of silica-poor plutons

Weather Satellite

2005-02-01T11:37:00.000-08:00

Any of a class of Earth satellites designed to monitor meteorological conditions (see Earth satellite).

Cyrano De Bergerac, Savinien

2005-01-31T23:33:00.000-08:00

French satirist and dramatist whose works combining political satire and science-fantasy inspired a number of later writers. He has been the basis of many romantic but unhistorical legends, of which the best known is Edmond Rostand's play Cyrano de Bergerac (1897), in which he is portrayed as a gallant and brilliant but shy and ugly lover, possessed

Empiricism, Broader senses

2005-01-31T16:29:00.000-08:00

In both everyday attitudes and philosophical theories, the experiences referred to are principally those arising from stimulation of the sense organs, in particular those of sight and touch. Most philosophical Empiricists, however, have maintained that sensation is not the only provider of experience, admitting as empirical the awareness of mental states

Ibárruri (gómez), (isidora) Dolores

2005-01-30T13:28:00.000-08:00

Born the eighth of 11 children of a Viscayan miner, Ibárruri was compelled by poverty to quit school at age 15 to work as a seamstress and later as a

Housman, Laurence

2005-01-30T08:15:00.000-08:00

Among Housman's earliest works were illustrations for Christina Rossetti's Goblin

Mcluhan, Marshall

2005-01-29T22:51:00.000-08:00

In full Herbert Marshall McLuhan Canadian communications theorist and educator, whose aphorism “the medium is the message” summarized his view of the potent influence of television, computers, and other electronic disseminators of information in shaping styles of thinking and thought, whether in sociology, art, science, or religion. He regarded

Bacchylides

2005-01-28T17:22:00.000-08:00

Greek lyric poet of the Aegean island of Ceos, nephew of the poet Simonides and a younger contemporary of the Boeotian poet Pindar, whom he rivaled in the composition of epinician poems (odes commissioned by victors at the major athletic festivals). Little was known of Bacchylides' work until the discovery in Egypt of papyrus fragments that reached the

Surabaya

2005-01-28T15:30:00.000-08:00

Surabaya has been the chief trading centre of eastern Java since the 14th century.

Mormon

2005-01-27T05:22:00.000-08:00

In western New York state in 1827, during a time of intense religious revivalism, Joseph Smith, Jr., a farmer's son, claimed an angel called Moroni gave him golden plates whose engraved records Smith translated into English as the Book of Mormon—so called after Mormon, an ancient American prophet who had made an abridgment of many previous plates. Smith published the Book

Bacchylides

2005-01-25T22:47:00.000-08:00

Interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional rights. The NAACP was created in 1909 by an interracial group consisting of W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, Mary White

Karatepe

2005-01-25T16:51:00.000-08:00

(Turkish: “Black Hill”), site of a Late Hittite fortress city, located in the piedmont country of the Taurus Mountains in south-central Turkey. The city, dating from the 8th century BC, was discovered in 1945 by Helmuth T. Bossert and Halet Çambel. It was built with a polygonal fortress wall and an upper and lower gateway of monumental proportions. The gate chambers are lined with inscribed

HappyChest

organic bed linen

Argyll And Bute

Holi

Gottlieb, Adolph

'umar Ii

Bertillon, Alphonse

Yogacara

Argentina, Alfonsín's administration

Tarawa

Pit Bull Terrier

Cincinnati Zoo And Botanical Garden

Xenarthran

Wyong

Karabagh Rug

Vytautas The Great

Glassware, Venice and the façon de Venise

Poland, History Of, The Saxons

Kabbala

Paderborn

Grader

Qiu Ying

India, Associated ranges and hills

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Claudius Pulcher, Publius

Calendar, The French republican calendar

David, Jacques-louis

Academy, Gallery Of The

ibenik

Elizabethton

Legaspi

Henderson, Thomas

Gabor, Dennis

Lens

Cambrai, Treaty Of

Melanoma

Aguirre, Lope De

China, Climate and environment

Rove Beetle

Ancud

Dewas

Nurhachi

Madagascar, Plant and animal life

Wagner, Carl

Multinational And Regional Organizations

Argentina, Resources

Términos Lagoon

Black Lung

Crabgrass

Carnivore, Importance to humans

Lamoricière, Christophe-louis-leon Juchault De

Locomotive

Obelisk

Memphis

Eisenhower Doctrine

Pitch

Race, Immigration and the racial worldview

Hooper, Franklin Henry

Earth Sciences, Prospecting for groundwater

Campeche

Trade Fair

Abbott, Lyman

Mcmurdo Sound

Solomon Islands

Chastushka

Castelnau, Michel De, Sieur (lord) De La Mauvissière

Nordic Skiing

Madurai

Melville Island

Henry Draper Catalogue

Moray, James Stewart, 1st Earl Of, Earl Of Mar, Lord Abernethy

Floor Covering, Loom-formed pile

Stephen

Shigatse

Switzerland

Sankuru River

Mardin

Frunze, Mikhail Vasilyevich

Mardin

Devils Lake

ibenik